Currently, it is generally accepted that water services are provided uniformly and universally in urban areas, ensuring good territorial cohesion in these cities. However, with the development of new water sources, particularly from rainwater recycling, it is relevant to consider the social and political effects of new water supply models. For example, issues of socio-spatial justice are explored, particularly financial and pricing issues and the increase in inequalities in access to services.

The perceptions surrounding water in Quebec, particularly environmental, technological, and cultural aspects, are also addressed in the context of the paradigm shift in water management brought about by the desire to close the urban water cycle.

Understanding these phenomena will enable appropriate political and technological choices to be made for the population.